Three, 2 to 3-year-old, female (1) and neutered male (2), Nigerian Dwarf, Nubian, and Boer goats
Three goats from the same farm were submitted for postmortem examination over the course of 8 days in late January to early February during an outbreak in which 5 goats died. On presentation, the goats were dull, lethargic, and inappetent, progressing to recumbency. Physical examination showed diarrhea, hypothermia, and ruminal atony. Two animals died, and one was euthanized.
The perineum, caudal thighs, and ventral tail were covered by dried tan-brown feces. The small intestine and cecum had granular serosal surfaces and were segmentally coated in thick layers of adherent yellow-tan fibrin strands. The small intestine ranged from fluid-filled and dilated with thin walls to thick-walled with obstructive luminal fibrinonecrotic casts. In the thickened segments, the mucosa of some animals was diffusely replaced by yellow-tan, friable, necrotic debris (diphtheritic membrane), while in others it was dark red, roughened and occasionally had miliary, 1-2 mm diameter, soft tan nodules. The mesentery was edematous and mesenteric lymph nodes were markedly enlarged up to 5 cm in diameter. Multifocally, the lymph node corticomedullary architecture was effaced by pale yellow purulent exudate surrounded by a thin rim of remaining tissue (abscesses).
H&E
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis enteritis
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a worldwide cause of enterocolitis, lymphadenitis, and septicemia in a wide variety of wild and domestic species, and humans, most frequently reported in wild hares and ruminants.
Harvey
1
56
NEVPC
2021
11
SAND BOA
2-year-1-month-old, 92 g, female sand boa
The patient presented with a several months history of chronic regurgitation and weight loss.
The mucosa of the small intestine was segmentally slightly thickened.
H&E
Alimentary T cell lymphoma, epitheliotropic, small cell
Although once considered uncommon, neoplasia is a relatively common occurrence in reptiles, especially snakes (Effron et al. 1977; Garner et al. 2004). Out of the reported neoplasms, lymphoma is one of the more common neoplastic condition in snakes, and the presentation may vary greatly, similar to any other species. While a multicentric distribution is the most common presentation, solitary tumors have been reported including one specifically affecting the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue of the esophagus (Ossiboff 2018). Leukemia without multicentric or solitary lymphoma has also been reported (Schilliger et al. 2011). Based on a comprehensive review of 35 lymphomas out of 326 tumors in snakes, large, blast-like cells were more commonly observed than small cell lymphoma (Garner et al. 2004).
Nakagun
1
57
NEVPC
2021
12
AVIAN
Juvenile male Black backed gull
Severe vestibular symptoms were noted that did not improve or resolve with supportive care.
The cloaca is focally expanded by an approximately 1.5 cm in diameter, thick-walled spherical out-pocketing continuous with the cloacal lumen, containing dozens of 0.5 cm-long metazoan parasites tightly adhered to the mucosa. Sharp delineation between a plump, faintly bilobed, pale pink spherical forebody and oblong pearl white hindbody is appreciable.
H&E
Severe trematodiasis, compatible with Cotylurus sp.
Based on the presence of an oral sucker, spongy parenchyma and paired ceca, those parasites were deemed most consistent with trematodes. While trematodes in aquatic birds are legion and may show a broad variety of forms, the combined sharp bisegmentation, presence of a somewhat spherical forebody containing a deep oral sucker, and cloacal location, were considered most compatible with the Strigidae family, and especially Cotylurus sp., an uncommon parasite of the alimentary tract of seagulls. The life cycle of Cotylurus sp. typically includes three free-living, and three parasitic stages. The initial egg phase is followed by emergence of a free-living miracidium, which enters a gastropod before turning into a parasitic sporocyst. Within this first intermediate host, the sporocyst produces cercariae, which penetrate a fish or leech, either of which may represent a second intermediate host fostering development of the metacercarian stage. Fisheating birds are ultimately infected through ingestion of the second intermediate host, acting as the final host in which maturation towards the adult stage occurs. With regards to the absence of additional underlying pathologic process, the neurological signs noted in this bird were considered related to the combined parasite infestation, prolonged exposure to cold, and hindered access to food.
Nelissen
1
58
NEVPC
2021
13
EQUINE
8-month-old Arabian Filly
The patient presented to the referring veterinarian with a 7-month history of ill-thrift and chronic diarrhea. Histologic assessment of endoscopic duodenal biopsy samples revealed mild, diffuse, chronic, lymphoplasmacytic, and eosinophilic enteritis with villus atrophy, prompting an exploratory celiotomy 4 days later.
Multifocally scattered across the serosal surface of the ventral colon and transverse colon were innumerable, raised, moderately well-demarcated, firm, white nodules with mural infiltration. The transverse colon also had associated segmental luminal restriction.
H&E
Ganglioneuromatosis, colon
GN is described as a poorly demarcated, multinodular-to-coalescing, intramural, benign proliferation of ganglia (i.e. neurons, glial cells, supporting cells) within the gastrointestinal system. Ganglioneuromas are also benign proliferations of ganglia but tend to be more discreet. GN occurs exclusively within the gastrointestinal system, with five reports in the small intestine, three reports in the large intestine, and one report in the gall bladder. Clinical signs associated with GN vary depending on the affected region of the gastrointestinal system. Small intestinal GN is associated with diarrhea, vomiting, inappetence, obtundation, and low body condition score. Large intestinal GN is associated with tenesmus, hematochezia, and rectal prolapse3,5. Gall bladder GN is associated with cholecystitis and cholestasis. In a previous equine case report, GN was an incidental finding with no apparent gastrointestinal clinical signs.
Champion
1
59
NEVPC
2021
14
CAMELID
~1-month-old, male camel calf
Sir Camelot nursed well the first week and then began with sudden weight loss. It was treated and began tube-feeding, but progressed to diarrhea, lethargy, and then recumbency. Died.
The distal esophagus has several linear bright red streaks and 25-30, approximately 3-5 mm of diameter erosions/ulcers, some covered with a brown to tan flocculent material (fibrin).
H&E
Esophagitis, erosive/ulcerative, lymphoplasmacytic, multifocal, moderate, with ballooning degeneration of epithelial cells, occasional pustules, intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies, and vasculitis
Supported by the presence of large intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies on the esophagus along the gross findings of multiple areas of ulceration along the gastrointestinal tract, the first main differential are viruses from the family Poxviridae. In this family of viruses, Bovine Papular Stomatitis and Contagious Ecthyma are considered. This last one has been reported in camels, and for which ulcers and proliferative lesions can extend into the upper gastrointestinal tract in some cases. In both cases, intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions are highly suggestive of infection.
Stevenson
1
60
NEVPC
2021
15
AVIAN
Female Quaker Parrot
Radiographic evidence displayed a mass like object containing small mineral opacities below an enlarged proventriculus and in line with the cranial pole of the kidney.
The proventriculus and ventriculus were dilated with thinned walls for both compartments.
H&E
Bornaviral ganglioneuritis and leiomyositis
Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD) primarily affects the autonomic nerves of the upper and middle digestive tract, including the esophagus, crop, proventriculus, ventriculus, and duodenum. This disease condition has a worldwide distribution, and its name is derived from the predominant clinical sign in large parrots; namely, the dilation of the proventriculus by accumulated food as a result of dysfunction of the ventriculus. PDD is a disease across multiple species of birds particular amongst psittacines, however has been identified in other species (i.e. Canada Geese, Red-Tailed Hawks). A bornaviral etiology was implicated in more recent literature.ÊÊ
Tocco
1
61
NEVPC
2021
16
FELINE
15-year-old, female, domestic shorthaired feline
This patient presented for an ossifying lesion of the lower mandible.Ê On radiographs, there was a poorly defined region of radiolucency within the mandibular bone with a smaller characteristic Òsoap bubbleÓ appearance.
This 3.0mm diameter mass was hard and tan.
H&E
Odontogenic myxoma
Odontogenic myxomas originate from the ectomesenchyme of the dental papilla or dental follicle. Historically known as the Òjaw myxomaÓ, odontogenic myxomas are solely located within tooth-bearing regions of the maxilla and, more commonly, the mandible.3 Odontogenic myxomas are unique among ondontogenic tumors in that the they lack proliferative odontogenic epithelium. Grossly, cut sections are often gray-white, cystic, and have mucoid or slimy surfaces. Radiographically, odontogenic myxomas have a radiolucent trabecular appearance, with often ill defined borders, and a commonly reported Òsoap bubbleÓ or ÒhoneycombÓ appearance (as in this case), with possible sunburst periosteal reactions.
Hammett
1
62
NEVPC
2021
17
GOLDFISH
6-year-old goldfish
This goldfish presented for removal of a mass that was firmly attached to the gill arch.
A large, pink, raised, multilobular mass arises from the left pharyngeal gill arch, elevates the operculum and extends caudally.
H&E
Ameloblastoma, gill arch
Odontogenic neoplasms are usually incidental findings in fish. Most descriptions are of odontomas arising in the mouth, lips, and jaws. This includes angelfish Òlip fibroma,Ó which is a compound odontoma embedded in abundant collagenous stroma. There are reports of retroviral particles in the cytoplasm of stromal cells of odontomas, though a causal role has not been proven. Additionally, several reports describe epizootics and individual cases of odontogenic neoplasms, including odontomas and ameloblastomas, in multiple species of fish. The neoplasm in this case was diagnosed as a ameloblastoma, which has not been previously reported in cyprinids to the authorsÕ knowledge.
Baskerville
1
63
NEVPC
2021
18
BEARDED DRAGON
Eight year old, male, intact, bearded dragon
This lizard presented with a five-month history of progressive, ulcerative dermatitis of the tail tip and hind limbs and progressive weight loss.
Necropsy revealed a multifocal to segmental thickening and yellow discoloration of the colonic wall. Attached to this area of thickening was a 3-mm-diameter, yellow, polypoid mass on the serosal surface. The colon proximal to these lesions was dilated 300-400%. The spleen was enlarged approximately 300%, and pale tan to yellow with an irregular shape that was molded around a loop of small intestine. There were multifocal to coalescing areas of yellow discoloration and pallor of the left lateral hepatic lobe.
H&E
Adenocarcinoma and intravascular T cell lymphoma, colon; T-cell lymphoma, spleen and liver
This is the first case of intestinal adenocarcinoma reported in bearded dragons and was unique in that it presented concurrently with lymphoma. The original location of lymphoma in this case is unknown. The cutaneous lesions were pleocellular, but may have included insidious neoplastic T cells.
Argue
1
64
NEVPC
2021
19
CANINE
8-year-old female spayed miniature Australian shepherd
Presented for excision of a large, soft, fluctuant mass in the left cranial cervical region, which had been present and slowly growing since May of 2018.
The mass, submitted as Òleft mandibular/sublingual salivary gland,Ó floated in formalin and measured 9 x 5.9 x 4.4 cm. It was firm, tan to brown, and was subdivided into variably-sized lobules by thin bands of fibrous stroma.
H&E
Salivary lipomatosis
Salivary lipomatosis (also known as lipomatous/fatty infiltration of the salivary gland or interstitial lipomatosis) is a rare, benign, non-neoplastic entity in dogs that causes marked soft to fluctuant enlargement of salivary glands due to the deposition of large amounts of adipose tissue within the interstitium of affected glands. Though the cause is undetermined, the majority of cases have been associated with chronic salivary inflammation and obstructive processes.
Caudill
1
65
NEVPC
2021
01
CANINE
1-year-old female spayed mixed breed dog
The patient was presented to the Penn Vet Emergency Service and transferred to the Internal Medicine Service for further evaluation of dysphagia, regurgitation, and coughing. She was adopted from India where she was originally found with her litter mates, all of which were treated for Spirocerca infections.
Two, rounded, glistening masses were visualized (one in the proximal esophagus and one near the lower esophageal sphincter).
H&E
Spirocerca lupi sarcoma
This case was reviewed with four additional pathologists, who all agreed that the degree of pleomorphism and mitotic activity in these samples was more consistent with a sarcoma rather than fibroproliferative lesion. There was a discussion on the distinction between the advanced pre-neoplastic phase and malignant transformation, and that this differentiation is likely not possible based on the tissue provided. Spirocerca lupi is a nematode parasite that causes endemic disease in dogs in tropical and subtropical geographic regions, like certain areas of South America and Africa. Large breed hunting dogs tend to be predisposed to developing infections, likely due to the lifecycle of the parasite. The life cycle of S. lupi begins with eggs shed in the feces of the definitive host (carnivores). Eggs are ingested by the intermediate host (coprophagous beetles of numerous different species) in which they mature into L3 larvae in several months. A paratenic host (i.e. poultry, wild birds, lizards, rodents, hedgehogs and rabbits) may ingest the infected beetle, and a definitive host may become infected by ingesting the intermediate or paratenic host. Once in the definitive host, L3 larvae penetrate and traverse the gastric wall, eventually reaching the caudal thoracic aorta via various vascular routes and maturing to the L4 stage. Finally, as immature adults, the nematodes travel and encyst in the esophagus where they sexually mature and females pass eggs into the lumen of the esophagus. Adults usually encyst within the submucosa.
Amerman
1
66
NEVPC
2021
20
EQUINE
23-year-old Quarter horse gelding
Oone-month history of unresolving chronic diarrhea.
The serosa of the large intestine and the cecum were covered in hundreds of dark black slightly raised variably sized plaques ranging from 0.3 cm to 2cm. The large intestinal mucosa was thickened, edematous, dark brown to black and with ten to twenty polypoid semi-firm proliferations predominantly in the cecum. The large intestinal lesions were least severe in the right dorsal colon.
H&E
Typhlocolitis, granulomatous, segmental, severe with myriad intrahistiocytic, acid-fast, and variably Gram-positive bacteria, lymphangitis, and serositis (Mycobacterium genavense and Salmonella sp.)
Organisms within sections of the affected large intestine were closely homologous for M. genavense. Additional tissues were forwarded to the same outside laboratory for further comprehensive detection of Mycobacterium sp. via immunohistochemical and molecular tests.
KRAMER
1
67
NEVPC
2021
21
Llama
11-year-old male intact llama
A 11-year-old intact male llama presented with diarrhea, inability to rise, and heavy gastrointestinal parasitism.
Severe fibrinosuppurative peritonitis presented with adhesion of intestinal loops to each other and the mesentery. A string of mesenteric lymph nodes of the jejunum was markedly enlarged and contained purulent material when cut. The jejunum had a single transmural perforation approximately 5 cm in diameter. The extensive necrosis of the surrounding jejunal wall was continuous with multifocal areas of ulceration on the mucosal surface. Smaller foci of ulceration were present in the adjacent, hyperemic mucosa of the small intestine over a ~ 15 cm long segment. The liver had myriad disseminated foci. Most foci were grey and pin-point to 1 mm in diameter and flat; fewer foci dark red brown, depressed and 2-4 mm in diameter; occasional foci pale tan, protruding and up to 3 mm in diameter.
H&E
Jejunitis, lymphadenitis and hepatitis, pyogranulomatous to necrotizing with intracellular bacteria (Rhodococcus equi) and rare trematodes (liver only); peritoneum: fibrinosuppurative serositis; spleen: atrophy
Rhodococcus equi is, typically, a pathogen of foals leading to pyogranulomatous pneumonia with lymphadenitis, less commonly enterocolitis and intraabdominal abscesses. Virulence-associated markers of R. equi have been well established. Virulence-associated protein anti-gens (VapA or VapB, respectively) have been implicated in R. equi virulence in a number of host species including horses. In non-equid species, infections with R. equi commonly present as lymphadentitis. However, a broad spectrum of disease conditions has been described in a wide range of domestic and wild animal species, worldwide. Examples include bronchopneumonia, osteomyelitis, subcutaneous abscesses, and disseminated infection involving lymph nodes and viscera in goats in North America. and bronchopneumonia and lymphadenitis in wild boar in South America, Europe and Asia.
Löhr
1
68
NEVPC
2021
22
CANINE
5-year-old male intact Doberman Pinscher
Found dead in its kennel with a bloated face and bloody stool.
The abdomen was markedly gas distended and contained 200 mL of blood. The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were purple colored and markedly dilated by red-black fluid and gas.
H&E
Severe diffuse villous necrosis with intra-lesion bacilli, congestion, and mucosal hemorrhage
Microscopic findings, the lesions noted grossly during postmortem examination, and anaerobic culture results from the small intestines established a diagnosis of enterotoxemia. C. perfringens is the most frequently isolated clostridial species throughout the world. This species is ubiquitous in the environment and in the intestine of mammals and birds. These diseases include enteric syndromes such as avian necrotic enteritis, lamb dysentery, neonatal hemorrhagic or necrotizing enteritis, and ovine, caprine, and bovine enterotoxemia. The pathogenicity of C. perfringens is due to a significant degree to an array of extracellular toxins produced. These toxins historically were organized into two categories, major (mouse lethal) and minor (non-lethal) toxins. The major toxins are alpha (CPA), beta (CPB), epsilon (ETX) and iota (ITX). These toxins form the basis for the classification of the individual strains into 5 toxinotypes (A-E). Alpha-toxin (CPA or PLC) is produced by all C. perfringens strains, although toxinotype A strains usually produce higher amounts than the other toxinotypes. This toxin is a zinc-dependent phospholipase C which degrades phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, both components of the eukaryiotic cell membranes, causing damage tn the membrane of erythrocytes and other cells from many animal species. The net result of this action is cell lysis, by degradation of membrane phospholipids. CPA also activates several other membrane and internal cell mechanisms that lead to hemolysis. In addition, CPA activates the arachidonic cascade resulting in the formation of thromboxanes, leukotrienes and prostaglandins, which activate the inflammation cascade and produce vasoconstriction. In combination with Pergringolysin (PFO), CPA allows C. perfringens to escape macrophage phagosomes and survive in the host tissue. Acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS) is common in dogs. There are numerous terms used for this syndrome, such as canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, canine intestinal hemorrhage syndrome, acute intestinal hemorrhage syndrome in dogs, acute hemorrhagic diarrheal syndrome, and acute hemorrhagic enteropathy The syndrome is characterized by acute onset of hemorrhagic diarrhea and is frequently associated with vomiting and hemoconcentration. The clinical history, gross and histologic findings, and bacterial culture results in this case were classic for this condition.
Vásquez
1
69
NEVPC
2021
23
CANINE
10 year old, castrated male, standard schnauzer dog
A pheochromocytoma was diagnosed by internal medicine on Feb 9, 2021. The tumor was removed by surgical oncologists May 3, 2021. Intestines became discolored dark grey during surgery. The patient recovered uneventfully from anesthesia but declined rapidly post-op, with continuous bloody diarrhea, regurgitation, and poor appetite.
The mesenteric arcade is dark red. There is extensive, coalescing ulceration of the small intestinal mucosal surface throughout the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, affecting approximately 65% of the mucosal surface, with hemorrhage along the interface of normal and ulcerated mucosa. Linear ulcers are within the orad colon.
H&E
Intestinal infarct, multifocal, severe, acute, with bacterial translocation and septic peritonitis
This is an unusual case of multifocal enteric infarction with profound necrosis, bacterial translocation, and peritonitis in this animal. Atherosclerosis was discovered histologically. This is a disease in the wall of blood vessels, wherein cholesterol deposits expand the tunica intima, variably associated witha granulomatous reaction, which further constructs vessel luminal diameter. This is an uncommon disease in dogs, but when present, it is highly associated with underlying metabolic disease, most commonly diabetes mellitus or hypothyroidism. Although it can be incidental, in this case there is histologic evidence of thrombosis in affected vessels, illustrated most prominently in the papillary muscle of the heart, where it is associated with focal myocardial infarction. Catecholamine release in dogs can contribute to a hypercoagulable state, and productive pheochromocytomas can release catecholamines. Between the residual effects of a recently removed pheochromocytoma, the general stressors associated with surgery of any kind, and the underlying arterial disease, this animal entered a hypercoagulable state, further evidenced by the presence of a large, organizing right atrial thrombus.
Oakes
1
70
NEVPC
2021
24
BOVINE
9-day-old female Holstein calf
Farm has lost approximately 5 calves in the past week.
Within the abdominal cavity and predominantly cranially, there is approximately 5L of a light yellow, opaque, and sweet smelling liquid with abundant gelatinous light yellow to white clots. There are adhesions between serosal surfaces around the duodenum, pancreas, forestomachs, and liver, which form multiple pockets filled with the described fluid and clots. The abomasal mucosa is pale red, and the abomasal folds are mildly expanded by clear edema; there are three approximately 1.5 x 0.3 x 0.2 cm depressed areas coated with light brown material in the mucosa (ulcers).
H&E
Abomasitis, fibrinonecrotizing and ulcerative, multifocal, moderate, with marked edema
In this very unusual case, a farm experienced acute loss of multiple very young dairy calves.Ê The third calf lost was submitted to the Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, where gross anatomic examination revealed a severe cranial abdominal peritonitis.Ê A sweet odor consistent with milk replacer was apparent upon opening of the abdomen.Ê Large pale yellow to white coagula in the abdomen were slightly rubbery with a consistency of milk curds.Ê Perforating gastrointestinal lesions were not evident grossly or microscopically.Ê Histopathology of the coagula adhered to the serosa revealed fibrin with low numbers of entrapped leukocytes and karyorrhectic debris, regionally invaded by low numbers of fibroblasts, with mild hemorrhages.Ê PCR for rotavirus, coronavirus, and BVDV were negative.Ê Aerobic and anaerobic culture of the abdominal contents were negative for bacterial growth, and bacteria or other etiologic agents were not evident histologically.Ê An additional field necropsy performed by the attending clinician on the case yielded similar gross findings.Ê The following week, it was discovered that a new formulation of milk replacer had been instituted, but the measuring instruments for reconstituting it had not been changed.Ê This resulted in the calves receiving at least twice the volume that they were supposed to receive of a formula that was twice as concentrated as it was supposed to be.Ê The farm instituted proper measuring instruments for reconstitution of the milk replacer, and no additional losses occurred.
Vyhnal
1
71
NEVPC
2021
25
CANINE
7-month-old intact female French bulldog
This animal had a history of chronic diarrhea, inappetence and weight loss.
The omentum was focally adhered to the large intestine serosa. A 4cm segment of the colon adjacent to the cecum had irregular serosal surface and was transmurally thickened up to 1cm. This segment was firm and white on cut surface, and the mucosa was irregular and dark green to brown.
H&E
Colitis, histiocytic and ulcerative, transmural, marked, chronic, with intra and extracellular gram-negative bacilli Ð Escherichia coli
Histiocytic ulcerative colitis or granulomatous colitis is a chronic syndrome that affects primarily Boxers and French Bulldogs. Infiltration of the colonic lamina propria and submucosal layers with histiocytes containing PAS positive material is a diagnostic feature of this disease. Escherichia coli was recently implicated as the etiologic agent associated with this condition. In this case, intrahistiocytic and extracellular gram-negative short rods were observed in the superficial and deep layers of the colonic wall, and were also highlighted with Giemsa and Steiner special stains. The splenic nodules described grossly contained colonies of gram-negative short rods, and bacterial culture of this organ yielded moderate growth of E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating sepsis. The culture results and characteristic microscopic intestinal findings, including intralesional PAS-positive histiocytes and gram-negative short rods are supportive of E. coli as the causative agent of this histiocytic colitis.
Lima
1
72
NEVPC
2021
26
DEER
Female intact white-tailed deer fawn
Over approximately 2 weeks, the rehabilitator had lost three fawns, all with similar signs including tremors and wobbly legs with rapid progression to an inability to rise. Additionally, fawns often exhibited vocalization, drooling, wide-eyes, labored breathing, and death within 3-4 hours of onset of signs.
The ventral surface of the diaphragm closest to the abomasum was coated with tan, friable, light yellow, strands of fibrinous material. Throughout the mesentery, lymph nodes were prominent and approximately 1.0 cm in diameter. The rumen, reticulum, and omasum contained mottled green to white, thick, pasty material admixed with plant fibers. Bright green material of similar consistency was in the abomasum. Most of the intestinal tract was transmurally bright red to black. Segmentally, the intestines contained gas and bright red to muddy brown, opaque liquid.
H&E
Enterocolitis, necrohemorrhagic, severe, segmental to diffuse, acute with transmural bacteria of mixed morphologies, including gram positive bacilli consistent with Clostridium sp.
Gross and microscopic findings confirmed severe intestinal disease characteristic of toxins produced by the bacterium, Clostridium perfringens (clostridiosis). Some Clostridium spp. are normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract of cervids and ruminants; however, with changes to the gut microenvironment, the organisms and the toxins they produce can flourish in the intestine, leading to disease. Such gut microenvironment changes could occur with drastic changes in feed, abnormally nutrient-rich digesta, antibiotics, reduced gut motility, and/or primary infections with other agents. The toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens, as detected in this fawn, can be absorbed into the bloodstream (enterotoxemia) and were the presumed cause of its severe clinical disease and death. In the present case, no other pathogens or underlying disease processes were microscopically evident, although the widespread and severe tissue damage in the gut may have masked concurrent intestinal infections. There was no histopathologic or laboratory evidence of infection with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, bluetongue virus, or cervid adenovirus. Clostridiosis is sporadically detected in both wild and farmed cervid species. Toxin entry via the gut (i.e., enterotoxemia) affects mostly young red and fallow deer, but intestinal infections associated with diarrhea also have been reported in roe deer. C. perfringens has been isolated from farmed fallow deer and red deer with rumen acidosis, enteritis, and/or colitis. A wide variety of nondomestic ruminants can be affected by enteric infection with C. perfringens toxinotypes, but significant disease most commonly is associated with type C (producing alpha and beta toxin) which causes hemorrhagic enteritis. C. perfringens type A has also been implicated as a cause of fatal hemorrhagic enteritis.
Radisic
1
73
NEVPC
2021
27
RABBIT
5-year-old intact male rabbit
This animal had an approximately two month history of persistent, gaseous, gastric distension with normal stools. Survey and contrast radiographs suggested an intestinal obstruction. An exploratory laparotomy was performed, and a mass was identified in the area of the duodenal-jejunal intersection, with adhesion of the colon to the serosal surface.
At necropsy, there was abdominal effusion. The omental fat was adhered to the previous surgical site, which did not have gross evidence of stricture or perforation. The left hepatic lobe contained a large cystic mass and there was a small firm nodule in the proximal duodenum.
H&E
Intestinal adenocarcinoma
Neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract is consistently reported to be rare in both pet and laboratory rabbits (Oglesbee, Heatley, Turner, van Zeeland). The most commonly reported gastrointestinal neoplasm is bile duct adenoma or its malignant counterpart, cholangiocarcinoma. These are suspected to be associated with infection by Eimeria steidae, presumably due to the inflammation and hyperplasia induced by this organism (Oglesbee, van Zeeland). Other reported primary gastrointestinal neoplasms of rabbits include leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas, as well as rare gastric and colonic adenocarcinomas (Baum, Heatley, Oglesbee, van Zeeland). In this retrospective study, 737 cases of rabbit neoplasia were diagnosed via biopsy and post-mortem examination. Forty four of the cases (44/737; 6%) were primary alimentary tract neoplasia, four of which (4/44; 9%) were intestinal adenocarcinoma. The most common primary alimentary tract neoplasm diagnosed was rectal polyp/adenoma (n=15; 15/44; 34.1%). Intestinal adenocarcinoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, and intestinal lymphoma were the most commonly diagnosed primary alimentary tract malignancies, with 4 cases each.
Beavis
1
74
NEVPC
2021
28
EQUINE
17-year-old Rocky Mountain gelding
There was a one month history of weight loss and one week history of lethargy, inappetence and intermittent fever. Results of a complete blood count (CBC) on the farm included a neutrophilia with toxic neutrophils, hyperfibrinogenemia and hyperalbuminemia.
A 20 cm diameter, firm, white to tan, irregularly shaped mass was found within the intercolonic fold between the right ventral and right dorsal colon, immediately proximal to the diaphragmatic flexure. On cut section, the mass contained multiple, up to 4 cm diameter, foci of a thick yellow to light green fluid (pus). A focal, transmural, mucosal ulceration was noted at the site of the mass, allowing communication between the right ventral and right dorsal colon (fistula). The regional abdominal lymph nodes were enlarged (up to 4 cm diameter) and light tan.
H&E
T-cell rich large B-cell lymphoma
T-cell-rich large B-cell lymphoma (TCRLBCL) is the most common type of lymphoma reported in horses and is characterized by a mixed population with varying proportions of T-cells, B-cells and other cells such as histiocytes. Infectious etiologies and/or hyperplasia are also strong differentials for these lesions due to the mixed population of cells and presence of necrosis. Definitive diagnosis of TCRLBCL based on H&E staining alone can be challenging; special stains to rule out infectious etiology and immunohistochemistry are helpful in making a final diagnosis. In this case, a fistula communicating between the right ventral and the right dorsal colon was identified, a feature that has not been reported in the veterinary literature.
Hassebroek
1
75
NEVPC
2021
29
PINE SISKIN
Three pine siskins (Spinus pinus) of unknown age (3/3), one female and two unknown sex
In March 2021, three pine siskins were submitted for necropsy via the LSU wildlife hospital within a one week period (3/9-3/15) with lethargy, inability to fly, diarrhea, and respiratory distress.
The esophagus had one or multiple tan to yellow caseous nodules/plaques on the mucosa (3/3). The spleen had multiple tan, firm nodules measuring 1 mm in diameter (2/3).
H&E
Severe subacute focal necrotizing and granulomatous esophagitis with intralesional bacilli and protozoa consistent with Trichomonas sp.
Salmonellosis is considered the cause of death of the pine siskins, and trichomoniasis also contributed to the death of the pine siskin that had this organism. Pine siskins are especially susceptible to Salmonella Typhimurium, and this bacterium can cause high mortality in this species. Trichomoniasis also can be lethal to wild birds, including pine siskins. Transmission of both Salmonella and Trichomonas is via the fecal-oral route and bird feeders play an important role in the spread of the diseases. Salmonellosis in pine siskins not only can cause high mortality in the species, but also has public health significance as humans can contract the disease through contact with sick or dead birds, bird feeders, or indoor-outdoor cats and other companion animals. Regular cleaning of the bird feeders is important, and it is recommended to take the bird feeders down during Salmonella outbreaks.
Lee
1
76
NEVPC
2021
02
EQUINE
13-year-old warmblood mare
Presented for colic of approximately 24 hoursÕ duration. Borborygmi were absent and the abdomen was distended but nasogastric intubation yielded no net gastric reflex. Palpation per rectum revealed a taut colonic band coursing from right to left.
At the junction of the pelvic flexure and left dorsal colon was an approximately 15 cm diameter intramural mass with distinct borders that caused narrowing of the lumen and mild obstruction. The mass extended from the antimesenteric border to the mesentery, which was also thickened.
H&E
Severe acute regionally extensive eosinophilic colitis with fibrinoid vascular necrosis and edema
Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease in horses can occur as part of a multisystemic disease or may be restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. Disease restricted to the gastrointestinal tract may be diffuse or focal. Horses with diffuse eosinophilic enteritis often present with a chronic disease course including weight loss and intermittent colic, whereas focal eosinophilic disease often causes acute colic, as in this case. Focal eosinophilic intestinal disease occurs more commonly in the small intestine (often called idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis [IFEE] or, previously, circumferential mural bands [CMB]) but has been reported in the large colon, small colon, and rectum (segmental eosinophilic colitis [SEC]). In the large intestine, the junction of the pelvic flexure and left dorsal colon is the most common site. The pathogenesis of IFEE/SEC is unclear. Individual cases with eosinophilic granulomas, parasitic migration tracts, or infectious agents (e.g. Pythium) have been reported, but no clear association with parasite infestation or anthelmintic treatment, environmental elements, or other factors has been demonstrated for this syndrome. Lesions often contain increased numbers of macrophages and T lymphocytes, suggesting that a derangement of the inflammatory milieu plays a role. The focal form may be an acute exacerbation of the diffuse form as some horses had eosinophilic infiltrates in grossly normal intestine distant from the lesion.
Willis
1
77
NEVPC
2021
30
CANINE
11-year-old castrated male Labrador Retriever
5-day history of gastrointestinal bleeding, melena, and anemia. The patient vomits large volumes of blood.
The submitted sample is a 1 cm x 0.5 cm, full-thickness, folded gastric segment.
H&E
Ulcerative gastritis, necrotizing, focally extensive, suppurative, marked with marked submucosal fibroplasia and hemorrhagic tortuous ectopic artery
The presence of a medium-caliber artery with a wide lumen in the lamina propria and submucosa is very remarkable. Usually, blood vessels of this size are not present in the mucosa or submucosa. This lesion may be consistent with Dieulafoy's lesion observed in human patients, which is characterized by the presence of a single large tortuous small artery in the submucosa. DieulafoyÕs lesion is diagnosed in approximately 1-6% of cases of acute GI bleeding in people and is characterized by a large, aberrant, tortuous artery in the stomach (most commonly) or other parts of the GI tract.Ê To our knowledge, a lesion similar to DieulafoyÕs lesion in people has never been reported in a dog.Ê This case report describes the clinical, surgical, and histological features of a DieulafoyÕs-like lesion in a geriatric domestic canine patient.
Murillo
1
78
NEVPC
2021
31
CANINE
9-year-old spayed female Boston terrier
The patient presented for anemia, lethargy, and melena of 10 dayÕs duration.
The submitted 14 cm segment of jejunum contained a central, 3 x 3 x 2.5 cm, area of circumferential, mural thickening that was firm, white, and multilobulated on cut surface.
H&E
Mucosal myxosarcoma
The two main microscopic differential diagnoses for this patient were leiomyosarcoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor, which were ruled out by negative immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle actin and c-kit antigens. Myxosarcomas in dogs are rare, most frequently involving the skin and with rare mesenteric, odontogenic, splenic, vertebral, cerebral, ophthalmic, cardiac, and muscular occurrences. Intestinal myxosarcoma in dogs has been alluded to in various sources; however, a published description was not located. In comparison, three reports of cecal myxosarcoma have been described in horses, with consistent histologic features to this case of atypical fibroblastic cells within an alcian blue-positive stroma. Metastasis to regional lymph nodes was present in each of the equine intestinal myxosarcomas cases.
McCullough
1
79
NEVPC
2021
32
RABBIT
9-year-old spayed female Netherland dwarf rabbit
A 6.5-cm-diameter, firm, pale tan irregular mass extended from the tip of the cecum and effaced the vermiform appendix.Ê The mass was cracked and oozing a suppurative exudate.
Received in formalin were eight tissues up to 8 cm in greatest dimension that were processed in four blocks.
H&E
B cell lymphoma
B cell lymphoma
Magnotti
1
80
NEVPC
2021
33
OCTOPUS
Wild caught, male, prickly reef octopus
This animal was caught in Florida and shipped to an aquarium for display. Transit was delayed and the animal was cold upon arrival to the aquarium.
No significant lesions.
H&E
Hemocytic and necrotizing adenitis with intralesional cestode larvae, accessory and primary digestive glands
Cestode infection in cephalopods is frequent, with many cephalopod species serving as intermediate or paratenic hosts and acting as vectors to transport them to other intermediate or definitive hosts. In general, adult cestodes are not found in cephalopods, but the tremendous diversity of larval and post-larval stages detected suggest that cephalopods remain important intermediate hosts, with further maturation occurring in elasmobranchs and fish. In cephalopods, larval cestodes most often infect the digestive tract, but may be found free in the mantle cavity, or encysted within the mantle musculature. There is also one report of an unidentified adult cestode infection in Octopus cyanea, in which the cestodes lived in the circulatory system of the arms and throughout the body, sometimes filling the entire mantle cavity. The most commonly reported cestode to infect cephalopods is Phyllobothrium spp., but cestodes from three other genera have also been identified in the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) and include the onchoproteocephalidean Acanthobothrium spp, the tetraphyllidea Anthobothrium spp, and the trypanorhynch Nybelinia spp. While adults of Tetraphyllidea and Trypanorhynchea are found within the gastrointestinal tract of sharks, skates, and rays, their larval forms are some of the most commonly identified cestodes in cephalopods. Histologic characteristics of octopus salivary gland cestodiasis have been described in Octopus maya, and were putatively identified as Prochristianella sp.; the digestive tract was not examined in that study.
Finnegan
1
81
NEVPC
2021
34
OCTOPUS
Wild-caught common octopus
This common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) was acquired from the wild when it was fully grown, and housed at a public display aquarium.Ê The animal started senescing approximately one month prior to death and was euthanized.
At necropsy, the eyes were cloudy.Ê The siphon and gills were pale pink.
H&E
Hemocytic anterior phakitis, multifocal, moderate, with intralesional bacteria and mild anterior uveitis
Pathologic ocular lesions in cephalopods are uncommonly reported with only three cases of phakitis and retinitis documented in the literature.
Fiddes
1
82
NEVPC
2021
35
FELINE
17-year-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat
A 17-year-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat presented to NCSU-CVM repeatedly over a week for persistent and progressive anorexia of several weeksÕ duration.Ê Physical examination revealed mild dehydration, a mildly distended and painful abdomen, increased respiratory effort after handling, and a grade II/VI systolic heart murmur.Ê Abdominal ultrasound performed at initial work up revealed several abnormalities, including pancreatomegaly with presumptive pancreatitis and steatitis, cholecystic debris and common bile duct thickening (choledochitis), mild small intestinal thickening and corrugation, jejunal lymphadenopathy, and scant peritoneal effusion.
Skin, mucous membranes, and visceral fat were diffusely pale to bright yellow. Present multifocally across the surface of the pancreas, as well as throughout the adipose of the mesentery and omentum, were too numerous to count, firm to gritty, bright yellow, pinpoint to 3 x 1.5 x 0.5 mm plaque-like nodules (fat saponification). Scattered across the mesentery, splenic capsule, and the serosa of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and stomach, were too numerous to count tan nodules ranging in size from pinpoint to 5 mm in diameter that are similar to those described in the thoracic cavity. At the level of the major duodenal papilla, the common bile duct was markedly, segmentally thickened but was patent upon applying pressure to the gallbladder.
H&E
Feline infectious peritonitis
Herein we describe the clinical, gross, and histologic features of a unique presentation of FIP in a geriatric cat. This case was considered unusual due to the age of the affected cat, associated clinical pathology, and major organs affected. First, while FIP is classically considered a disease of young cats, multiple studies have demonstrated a slight increase in FIP incidence in cats >12 years old. The reasons behind this are likely multifactorial and could include immunosenescence and/or debilitation due to concurrent unrelated disease states. Regardless of the underlying pathogenesis, antemortem diagnosis in a geriatric cat can be challenging Ð as was the case for this cat Ð considering that many other diseases (e.g. neoplasia) are more common in this age group. Second, the most significant antemortem clinicopathologic finding in this cat was marked progressive anemia, with evidence of immune-mediated hemolysis (saline agglutination, hyperbilirubinemia) and requirement of a pRBC transfusion. In this case, this finding led clinicians to prioritize more common causes of IMHA (e.g. Mycoplasma haemofelis). While some studies have identified anemia as a common finding in cats with FIP, the most recent ACVIM consensus statement on IMHA concluded that there is negligible evidence to suggest FIP causes IMHA. Despite this, given that the pathogenesis of both diseases is immune-mediated, an immunologic causative link between the two seems possible in this case. Furthermore, pancreatitis in cats has been reported in association with IMHA, and so we speculate that in this case that all three entities (FIP, pancreatitis, and IMHA) are interconnected. Third, in this case the pancreas was significantly affected. Pancreatitis is known as a possible albeit uncommon manifestation of FIP. Like FIP, pancreatitis can also be challenging to diagnose antemortem. In this case, there was elevation of amylase as well as ultrasonographic evidence to support pancreatitis, but FIP was not considered as a differential. Previous reports of FIP have failed to document ultrasonographic evidence of pancreatitis. In a geriatric cat as with this case, differential diagnoses prioritized for the ultrasonographic pancreatomegaly and pancreatitis may include neoplasia (e.g. lymphoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma) or idiopathic pancreatitis with or without concurrent enteritis and cholangitis (i.e. triaditis). In conclusion, we document a case of confirmed FIP that presented with a constellation of uncommon clinical and pathologic features, including advanced age, IMHA, and extensive involvement of the pancreas. These features underscore the fact that FIP is truly a heterogenous disease in many regards, and that FIP should be considered as a differential diagnosis in geriatric cats with anemia and/or pancreatitis.
Schreeg
1
83
NEVPC
2021
36
NHP - CHIMPANZEE
46-year-old female Chimpanzee
An adult female chimpanzee presented for acute decline after a 2-week history of lethargy and inappetence.
Multiple, wide fibrous adhesions were present between the cranial abdominal wall along midline and the underlying serosa / omentum. The caudal abdominal organs within the pelvis (rectum, urinary bladder, ovaries, vagina, distal colon) were consolidated by dense, concentric bands of fibrous tissue. An 18 x 12 x 7 cm pocket of ~150 ml of red, turbid fluid with multiple large blood clots was present in the caudal-right abdomen. This pocket began cranially at the cecum, extended along the right body wall forming a large pool within right-medial pelvic canal and was bounded by a 2-3mm thick gray-tan fibrovascular wall. Three large (up to 2.5 cm diameter), thin walled (regionally < 1 mm thick), diverticula were identified extending from the proximal colon. On the surface, the diverticulum directly opposite the ileo-cecal-colic junction, there was a 10 x 10 mm irregular tear which communicated with the septic pocket described above. The edges of this tear were separated at the mucosal / muscularis and slightly hemorrhagic. The intestinal material within the cecum and proximal colon was similar in color and consistency as that removed from the fluid pocket. After fixation, two additional full thickness tears were observed within the diverticula.
H&E
Multifocal diverticulosis and perforation with chronic, septic, peritonitis
There was concern for a ruptured bowel in this patient with secondary septic peritonitis. Gross diagnosis and histologic evaluation confirmed antemortem perforation of the colon associated with numerous diverticula. Diverticula are defined as epithelial lined cavities derived from the mucosa that extends up to, and sometimes through the serosa. In humans over 50 years of age, the incidence of colonic diverticulosis can exceed over 50% in western countries. The exact etiology is unclear and generally considered a combination of genetics, a low fiber diet, motility and colonic anatomy / microstructure. The relatively thin regions between taenia are particularly susceptible to diverticula formation, and research models have focused on those species with prominent taenia such as rabbits and monkeys with mixed results.
Dodson
1
84
NEVPC
2021
04
CANINE
4-year-old castrated male French bulldog
ÊPresented to the referring veterinarian for lethargy, inappetance, abdominal discomfort (often after eating), vomiting, and diarrhea. At that time, a chemistry panel, barium swallow study, and fecal floatation were unremarkable. Clinical signs did not improve with empirical treatment, and 3.5 weeks later, the dog had lost approximately 15% of body weight. At that time, an abdominal ultrasound revealed diffuse circumferential thickening of the ileum up to 1.80 cm in diameter with a wall thickness of up to 0.91 cm with retention of the layered wall architecture.
The intestinal diameter ranges from 1.3 cm at the margin of the distal jejunum up to 3.5 cm along an approximately 17 cm long, thickened, firm portion of the ileum. The omentum is multifocally adherent to the ileal serosa. Within the thickened ileum, the intestinal wall is up to 8-9 mm thick with retention of wall layering and narrowing of the lumen. Within the ileal wall and along the serosa and adjacent mesenteric adipose are multifocal to coalescing, 4-10 mm diameter, firm, yellow-white nodules.
The gross and histologic appearance of the ileum are most consistent with the entity of focal intestinal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis (FLL) in dogs. FLL is considered to be a rare and severe variant of canine inflammatory bowel disease and is thought to be related to leakage of lipid-rich chyle from lymphatics within the intestinal wall. FLL has been described in two recent case series of 6 and 10 dogs (Watson et al. and Lecoindre et al., respectively) as well as a smaller older case series from the 1980s (Van Kruiningen et al.). In these studies, dogs commonly presented with chronic diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss similar to the dog in this case. One of these case series revealed a potential breed predilection for French bulldogs, the same breed as the dog in this case. The previously reported cases of FLL frequently lacked serum biochemical abnormalities; however, a small proportion of the cases had hypoalbuminemia and were associated with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). This dog had low normal to mildly decreased serum albumin levels which may reflect early development of PLE in this case. Abdominal ultrasound in cases of FLL typically reveals circumferential segmental thickening of predominantly the muscularis of the distal jejunum or ileum +/- ileocolic junction. Grossly, focal intestinal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis appears as a thickened and firm segment of intestine (typically distal jejunum or ileum), often with numerous small (about 5 mm diameter) firm white nodules along the mesenteric border, which is consistent with gross findings in this case. Histologically, lipogranulomas are primarily observed within the muscularis, serosa, and mesentery with lesser involvement of the submucosa. Lipogranulomas are often surrounding dilated lymphatics and consist of predominantly epithelioid and foamy macrophages with occasional lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells, sometimes with intralesional cholesterol clefts. The mucosa often appears unaffected; thus, endoscopic intestinal biopsies are typically inadequate for a diagnosis of FLL. In this case as well as a few other reported cases of FLL, there is concurrent dilation of the lacteals in the mucosal villi (lymphangiectasia). In addition to the typical lesions of FLL, this case also exhibits minimal to moderate eosinophilic and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation throughout the other examined portions of the intestine, suggestive of underlying diffuse inflammatory bowel disease. Histologic evaluation of additional portions of the intestine besides the main lesion has not been well-described in the previous case series. The etiology and pathogenesis of focal intestinal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis is currently unknown but is thought to be related to rupture of lymphatic vessels from impaired lymphatic flow and/or injury or malformation of the lymphatic vessels. In cases of FLL, infectious causes of granulomatous enteritis, such as Pythium insidiosum, Histoplasma capsulatum, Mycobacterium, Prototheca, Heterobilharzia americana, and invasive E. coli (associated with granulomatous colitis of boxer dogs and French bulldogs) may also be considered as differentials. Histology and histochemical stains (silver stains, PAS, and Ziehl-Neelsen) as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for invasive E. coli were unable to reveal any underlying infectious agents in previously described FLL cases. Similarly, histology along with GMS and PAS stains in this case did not reveal any underlying infectious agents. Additionally, the macrophages within lipogranulomas did not positively stain with PAS, unlike the entity of granulomatous colitis in boxer dogs and French bulldogs. In the most recent case series, surgical resection of the thickened intestinal segment and post-operative treatment with metronidazole and tapering immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone achieved remission in 8/10 dogs, while 2/10 dogs had persistent diarrhea and were euthanized within 6 months after surgery due to severe clinical decline. At the most recent check-in about 1.5 weeks post-surgery, this dog is eating well and defecating soft to semi-formed feces 4-5 times a day with gradual improvement.
Rasche
1
86
NEVPC
2021
06
MOUSE
2-month old female mouse
Dehydration, hunched posture, weight loss, and watery, yellow diarrhea. These were NOD.Foxo1-Fl/Fl(homozygous).LCK-cre(heterozygous) (nFL) mice, a novel strain developed by a laboratory at UNC to study the role of Foxo1 in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
The colon and cecum are diffusely, moderately, transmurally thickened.
H&E
Marked diffuse chronic neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic typhlocolitis with epithelial necrosis, neutrophilic exudation, crypt hyperplasia, crypt abscesses, and intralesional Gram-positive bacilli
n this case, the gross and histopathologic lesions and ancillary testing are consistent with typhlocolitis due to toxigenic Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) infection in an nFL mouse.
Nagel
1
87
NEVPC
2021
07
EQUINE
17 year old Quarter Horse gelding
Presented for colic
At the level of the ileocecocolic junction, there was a 37cm segment of ileum everted into the cecum (intussusception). Extending from the mucosa of the affected ileum at the tip of the intussusceptum was a focal, pedunculated, multilobulated, exophytic, dark brown to dark red, friable mass measuring approximately 5 cm x 3 cm x 5 cm. The remaining mucosa of the intussusceptum was diffusely dark red and roughened with a thick, mottled brown to red fibrin mat, and the submucosa was moderately expanded by edema and was diffusely dark red. The serosa and surrounding mesentery of the involved ileal segment was mottled dark red to pale tan with multifocal petechiae. Extending from the mesentery/serosa in this region (from the serosa of the intussusceptum) was a pedunculated, mottled pale tan to red, fatty mass measuring 5 cm in diameter (lipoma). Arising from the mucosa of the cecum immediately aboral to the intussusception, was a broad based, regionally extensive, multi-lobulated, exophytic, dark brown mass measuring 10 cm x 10 cm x 2 cm. On cut surface, this mass was friable, caseous, and mottled dark yellow to brown to red to pale tan with multifocal petechiae.
H&E
Focal adenomatous polyp with ileocecal intussusception, necrosis, fibrin deposition, and hemorrhage, ileum
Adenomatous polyps are considered to be benign neoplastic lesions typically composed of tubular and/or villous epithelial proliferations. Intestinal adenomatous polyps have been previously reported in sheep, cattle, dogs, cats, horses, and humans. Adenomatous polyps are rare in adult horses and have been described in one case of duodenal obstruction and another case of multifocal adenomatous polyposis resulting in protein losing enteropathy. The underlying cause of polyp development in horses is unknown but may be associated with spontaneous formation or genetic predisposition.
Womble
1
88
NEVPC
2021
08
LOBSTER
Young adult Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus
Increased fatalities in a local public aquarium. Mortalities spanned multiple tanks connected to the same life support system.
The hemolymph was mildly opaque and did not clot. The hepatopancreas was tan to green with multifocal small, firm white foci.
H&E
Necrosis, multifocal, random, moderate to severe with hemocytes and gram-negative bacteria, hepatopancreas
Gross and microscopic findings for multiple maladies present similarly in lobsters because of their limited ability to respond to disease and bodily damage. This lobster had significant multifocal necrosis of the hepatopancreas centered on gram-negative bacteria. Vibrio harveyi was cultured, identified initially by MALDI-TOF MS and confirmed by MLSA, nanopore and Illumina sequencing.Ê Vibrio spp. result in morbidity and mortality for many aquatic animals and V. harveyi is considered one of the most significant pathogens of cultured shrimp, resulting in necrosis of the striated tail muscle. Several other Vibrio spp. are implicated in limp lobster disease and luminous vibriosis. Laser capture microdissection and genome analysis for virulence factors and anti-resistance elements are ongoing.
Dill-Okubo
1
89
NEVPC
2021
09
CANINE
Approximately 1 year old, male, mixed breed, Canis familiaris
Initially presented with progressive stumbling, weakness, and regurgitation.
Absence of subcutaneous and inner adipose tissue and severe muscle atrophy. Severe enlargements of the dorsal and ventral vagal branches, vagosympathetic trunk, phrenic nerve, cervical nerves and dorsal root ganglia were noted. The aboral esophagus was mildly distended (megaesophagus, Abnormalities of the central nervous system (CNS) included a mild internal bilateral symmetric hydrocephalus (lateral ventricles) and white matter atrophy. The kidneys were mildly enlarged and pale. The liver was enlarged, and pale brown, with left lateral lobe liver rupture and fibrosis. Both thyroid glands, spleen, and multiple lymph nodes were mildly enlarged. Multifocal small gastric pyloric ulcers were noted.
H&E
Canine ß-mannosidosis
The clinical signs in this dog were consistent with a central and peripheral neuropathy. The histological findings were consistent with a systemic storage disease. Lesions in the submucosal and myenteric plexus extended throughout the length of the gastrointestinal tract. In humans with ß-mannosidosis, behavioral changes, deafness, and mental disabilities are noted as early as a few months of age with other vague neurological signs. In contrast, ruminants with ß-mannosidosis exhibit a severe CNS disorder with facial and skeletal dysmorphia and neonatal death. Plasma concentration of the ß-mannosidosis specific oligosaccharide was approximately 75 fold that of controls. The plasma beta-mannosidase activity was severely reduced to ~5% of controls; five other lysosomal acid hydrolase activities were increased or within their normal reference interval. Genomic sequencing of this dog's MANBA gene identified a homozygous exonic five bp tandem duplication in the penultimate exon of the MANBA gene (c.2377_2381dupTATCA) which results in a reading frame shift, altering the subsequent amino acid sequence and creating a premature stop codon. The truncated beta-mannosidase enzymeis expected to be dysfunctional. This enzyme deficiency causes the accumulation of un-degraded oligosaccharides in cells, which affect the myelination of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
Bolfa
1
182
NEVPC
2021
03
CANINE
13-year-old male neutered Border collie
The patient presented for dry heaving/vomiting, lethargy, decreased appetite. Serosanguinous pleural effusion, hemorrhagic on cytology is present. Abdominal ultrasound showed suspect intestinal mass and carcinomatosis. Owner elected to proceed with euthanasia.
At gross examination a severe acute hemorrhagic pleural and abdominal effusions and carcinomatosis are present.
H&E
Adenocarcinoma with carcinomatosis (abdomen) and widespread metastasis (liver, multiple lymph nodes, diaphragm, pericardium); gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
Given the histomorphologic features of the neoplasm in the pancreas and the similarity to the multifocal metastases, this most likely represents a primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma with carcinomatosis. The neoplasm in cecum is morphologically distinct and is multifocally infiltrated by invading islands of the carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry confirmed it as a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).
